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Determination of coordinates. Search by GPS coordinates on a map online. Get coordinates What are n and e in coordinates

Latitude- angle φ between the local zenith direction and the equatorial plane, measured from 0° to 90° on both sides of the equator. The geographic latitude of points located in the northern hemisphere (northern latitude) is usually considered positive, the latitude of points in the southern hemisphere is considered negative. It is customary to speak of latitudes close to the poles as high, and about those close to the equator - as about low.

Due to the difference in the shape of the Earth from a sphere, the geographic latitude of points differs somewhat from their geocentric latitude, that is, from the angle between the direction to a given point from the center of the Earth and the plane of the equator.

The latitude of a place can be determined using astronomical instruments such as a sextant or gnomon (direct measurement), or you can use GPS or GLONASS systems (indirect measurement).

Longitude

Longitude- dihedral angle λ between the plane of the meridian passing through a given point and the plane of the initial prime meridian from which longitude is measured. Longitude from 0° to 180° east of the prime meridian is called eastern, and to the west is called western. Eastern longitudes are considered to be positive, western longitudes are considered negative.

Height

To completely determine the position of a point in three-dimensional space, a third coordinate is needed - height. The distance to the center of the planet is not used in geography: it is convenient only when describing very deep regions of the planet or, on the contrary, when calculating orbits in space.

Within the geographical envelope it is usually used height above sea level, measured from the level of the “smoothed” surface - geoid. Such a three-coordinate system turns out to be orthogonal, which simplifies a number of calculations. Altitude above sea level is also convenient because it is related to atmospheric pressure.

Distance from the earth's surface (up or down) is often used to describe a place, but "not" serves as a coordinate.

Geographic coordinate system

ω E = − V N / R (\displaystyle \omega _(E)=-V_(N)/R) ω N = V E / R + U cos ⁡ (φ) (\displaystyle \omega _(N)=V_(E)/R+U\cos(\varphi)) ω U p = V E R t g (φ) + U sin ⁡ (φ) (\displaystyle \omega _(Up)=(\frac (V_(E))(R))tg(\varphi)+U\sin(\ varphi)) where R is the radius of the earth, U is the angular velocity of the earth's rotation, V N (\displaystyle V_(N))- vehicle speed to the north, V E (\displaystyle V_(E))- to the East, φ (\displaystyle \varphi )- latitude, λ (\displaystyle \lambda)- longitude.

The main disadvantage in the practical application of G.S.K. in navigation is the large angular velocity of this system at high latitudes, increasing to infinity at the pole. Therefore, instead of G.S.K., semi-free in azimuth SK is used.

Semi-free in azimuth coordinate system

Semi-free in azimuth S.K. differs from G.S.K. only by one equation, which has the form:

ω U p = U sin ⁡ (φ) (\displaystyle \omega _(Up)=U\sin(\varphi))

Accordingly, the system also has an initial position, carried out according to the formula

N = Y w cos ⁡ (ε) + X w sin ⁡ (ε) (\displaystyle N=Y_(w)\cos(\varepsilon)+X_(w)\sin(\varepsilon)) E = − Y w sin ⁡ (ε) + X w cos ⁡ (ε) (\displaystyle E=-Y_(w)\sin(\varepsilon)+X_(w)\cos(\varepsilon))

In reality, all calculations are carried out in this system, and then, to produce output information, the coordinates are converted into the GSK.

The position of each point on the earth’s surface is determined by its coordinates: latitude and longitude (Fig. 3).

Latitude is the angle formed by a plumb line passing through a given point on the Earth's surface and the plane of the equator (in Fig. 3 for point M angle MOC).

No matter where the observer is on the globe, his force of gravity will always be directed towards the center of the Earth. This direction is called plumb or vertical.

Latitude is measured by the arc of the meridian from the equator to the parallel of a given point in the range from 0 to 90° and is designated by the letter f. Thus, the geographic parallel eabq is the locus of points that have the same latitude.

Depending on which hemisphere the point is located in, the latitude is given the name northern (N) or southern (S).

Longitude is called the dihedral angle between the planes of the initial meridian and the meridian of a given point (in Fig. 3 for point M angle AOS). Longitude is measured by the smaller of the arcs of the equator between the prime meridian and the meridian of a given point in the range from 0 to 180° and is designated by the letter l. Thus, the geographic meridian PN MCPs is the locus of points having the same longitude.

Depending on which hemisphere the point is located in, the longitude is called eastern (O st) or western (W).

Latitude difference and longitude difference

During navigation, the ship continuously changes its place on the surface of the Earth, therefore, its coordinates also change. The magnitude of the change in latitude Af, resulting from the passage of a ship from the departure point MI to the arrival point C1, is called difference in latitude(RS). RS is measured by the meridian arc between the parallels of departure and arrival points M1C1 (Fig. 4).

Rice. 4

The name of the RS depends on the location of the parallel of the arrival point relative to the parallel of the departure point. If the parallel of the arrival point is located north of the parallel of the departure point, then the RS is considered to be made to N, and if it is to the south, then to S.

The magnitude of the change in longitude Al resulting from the passage of a ship from the departure point M1 to the arrival point C2 is called longitude difference(RD). The taxiway is measured by the smaller arc of the equator between the meridians of the point of departure and the point of arrival MCN (see Fig. 4). If, during the passage of the vessel, the eastern longitude increases or the western one decreases, then the taxiway is considered to be made to O st, and if the eastern longitude decreases or the western longitude increases, then to W. To determine the taxiway and taxiway, the formulas are used:

РШ = φ1 - φ2; (1)

RD = λ1 - λ2 (2)

Where φ1 is the latitude of the departure point;

φ2 - latitude of arrival point;

λ1 - longitude of departure point;

λ2 - longitude of the point of arrival.

In this case, northern latitudes and eastern longitudes are considered positive and are assigned a plus sign, while southern latitudes and western longitudes are considered negative and are assigned a minus sign. When solving problems using formulas (1) and (2), in the case of positive RS results, it will be done to N, and RD - to O st (see example 1), and in the case of negative RS results, it will be made to S, and RD - to W (see example 2). If the RD result is more than 180° with a negative sign, you need to add 360° (see example 3), and if the RD result is more than 180° with a positive sign, you need to subtract 360° (see example 4).

Example 1. Known: φ1 = 62°49" N; λ1 = 34°49" O st ; φ2 = 72°50"N; λ2 = 80°56" O st .

Find RS and RD.

Solution.

Example 2. Known: φ1 = 72°50" N; λ1 = :80°56"O st: φ2 = 62 O st 49"N;

Find RS and RD.

A map using GPS coordinates will help you find: an address, a place and find them out by latitude and longitude, as well as how to find a point, city, street, country on the map online, find out the coordinates of the route location and how to get to the place. You will learn: How to see latitude and longitude on maps, How to find a place by latitude and longitude. Search by GPS coordinates. Just enter the latitude and longitude data and the service will display the point on the map. Also, by clicking on the map at the desired location, the service will determine the coordinates of the click location on the map. Find by coordinates on the map of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Chelyabinsk, Omsk, Samara, Rostov-on-Don, Ufa, Krasnoyarsk, Perm, Voronezh, Volgograd, Saratov, Krasnodar, Tolyatti, Tyumen, Izhevsk, Barnaul, Irkutsk, Ulyanovsk, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, Yaroslavl, Makhachkala, Tomsk, Orenburg, Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo, Astrakhan, Ryazan, Naberezhnye Chelny, Penza, Lipetsk, Kirov, Tula, Cheboksary, Kaliningrad, Kursk, Ulan-Ude, Stavropol , Magnitogorsk, Sochi, Belgorod, Nizhny Tagil, Vladimir, Arkhangelsk, Kaluga, Surgut, Chita, Grozny, Sterlitamak, Kostroma, Petrozavodsk, Nizhnevartovsk, Yoshkar-Ola, Novorossiysk

Find the coordinates of a point on the map. Determine location

How to find a place by coordinates: enter your coordinates in the “Latitude” and “Longitude” fields and click on the “Find Place” button. If you know a place on the map and instead want to determine and find the coordinates, just click on the map and in the “Mark Coordinates” field you will see the corresponding coordinates of your click.

Counted from 0° to 90° on both sides of the equator. The geographic latitude of points located in the northern hemisphere (northern latitude) is usually considered positive, the latitude of points in the southern hemisphere is considered negative. It is customary to speak of latitudes close to the poles as high, and about those close to the equator - as about low.

Longitude

Longitude- angle λ between the plane of the meridian passing through a given point and the plane of the initial prime meridian from which longitude is measured. Longitudes from 0° to 180° east of the prime meridian are called eastern, and to the west - western. Eastern longitudes are considered to be positive, western longitudes are considered negative.

Height

Distance from the earth's surface (up or down) is often used to describe a place, however Not serves coordinate

Geographic coordinate system

The main disadvantage in the practical application of the GSK in navigation is the large angular velocity of this system at high latitudes, increasing to infinity at the pole. Therefore, instead of the GSK, a semi-free CS in azimuth is used.

Semi-free in azimuth coordinate system

The azimuth-semi-free CS differs from the GSK in only one equation, which has the form:

Accordingly, the system also has the initial position that the GCS and their orientation also coincide with the only difference that its axes and are deviated from the corresponding axes of the GCS by an angle for which the equation is valid

The conversion between the GSK and the semi-free CS in azimuth is carried out according to the formula

In reality, all calculations are carried out in this system, and then, to produce output information, the coordinates are converted into the GSK.

Geographic coordinate recording formats

The WGS84 system is used to record geographic coordinates.

Coordinates (latitude from -90° to +90°, longitude from -180° to +180°) can be written:

in ° degrees as a decimal (modern version)
in ° degrees and "minutes with decimal fraction
in ° degrees, "minutes and" seconds with decimal fraction (historical form of notation)

The decimal separator is always a dot. Positive coordinate signs are represented by a (in most cases omitted) "+" sign, or by the letters: "N" - north latitude and "E" - east longitude. Negative coordinate signs are represented either by a “-” sign or by the letters: “S” is south latitude and “W” is west longitude. Letters can be placed either in front or behind.

There are no uniform rules for recording coordinates.

Search engine maps by default show coordinates in degrees and decimals, with "-" signs for negative longitude. On Google maps and Yandex maps, latitude comes first, then longitude (until October 2012, the reverse order was adopted on Yandex maps: first longitude, then latitude). These coordinates are visible, for example, when plotting routes from arbitrary points. Other formats are also recognized when searching.

In navigators, by default, degrees and minutes with a decimal fraction with a letter designation are often shown, for example, in Navitel, in iGO. You can enter coordinates in accordance with other formats. The degrees and minutes format is also recommended for maritime radio communications.

At the same time, the original method of recording with degrees, minutes and seconds is often used. Currently, coordinates can be written in one of many ways or duplicated in two main ways (with degrees and with degrees, minutes and seconds). As an example, options for recording the coordinates of the sign “Zero kilometer of highways of the Russian Federation” - 55.755831 , 37.617673 55°45′20.99″ n. w. 37°37′03.62″ E. d. / 55.755831 , 37.617673 (G) (O) (I):

55.755831°, 37.617673° -- degrees
N55.755831°, E37.617673° -- degrees (+ additional letters)
55°45.35"N, 37°37.06"E -- degrees and minutes (+ additional letters)
55°45"20.9916"N, 37°37"3.6228"E -- degrees, minutes and seconds (+ additional letters)

Notes

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what “Geographic coordinates” are in other dictionaries:

See Coordinates. Mountain encyclopedia. M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Edited by E. A. Kozlovsky. 1984 1991 … Geological encyclopedia

- (latitude and longitude), determine the position of a point on the earth’s surface. Geographic latitude j is the angle between the plumb line at a given point and the plane of the equator, measured from 0 to 90 latitude on both sides of the equator. Geographical longitude l angle… … Modern encyclopedia

Latitude and longitude determine the position of a point on the earth's surface. Geographic latitude? the angle between the plumb line at a given point and the plane of the equator, measured from 0 to 90. in both directions from the equator. Geographic longitude? angle between... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Angular values that determine the position of a point on the Earth’s surface: latitude – the angle between the plumb line at a given point and the plane of the earth’s equator, measured from 0 to 90° (north of the equator is northern latitude and south of southern latitude); longitude... ...Nautical Dictionary

geographical coordinates- A generalized concept of astronomical and geodetic coordinates, when the deviations of plumb lines are not taken into account. [GOST 22268 76] Topics geodesy General terms of coordinate system EN geographic coordinatesgeographical coordinates DE... ... Technical Translator's Guide

geographical coordinates- Values that determine the position of a point on the earth’s surface (geographical latitude and geographic longitude). → Fig. 124... Dictionary of Geography

Geographical coordinates- (latitude and longitude), determine the position of a point on the earth’s surface. Geographic latitude j is the angle between the plumb line at a given point and the plane of the equator, measured from 0 to 90° on both sides of the equator. Geographical longitude l angle… … Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Latitude and longitude are angular values that determine the position of a point on the globe relative to the equator and prime meridian. The latitude of a point is the angle between the equatorial plane and the plumb line at a given point; longitude - the angle formed by... ... Geographical encyclopedia

Quantities that determine the position of a point on the earth’s surface: latitude φ, measured by the angle between the plumb line at a given point and the plane of the earth’s equator, and longitude λ, measured by the dihedral angle between the meridian plane of a given point... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Geographical coordinates - angular values: latitude (p and longitude K, which determine the position of objects on the earth’s surface and on the map, determine the position of a point on the earth’s surface or, more broadly, in the geographic envelope.

Geographic coordinates are constructed according to the spherical principle. Similar coordinates are used on other planets, as well as on the celestial sphere. Latitude is the angle φ between the local direction of the zenith and the equatorial plane, measured from 0° to 90° on both sides of the equator. The geographic latitude of points located in the northern hemisphere (northern latitude) is usually considered positive, the latitude of points in the southern hemisphere is considered negative. It is customary to speak of latitudes close to the poles as high, and those close to the equator as low. The length of the day depends on the latitude of the place, as well as on the time of year.

The latitude of a place can be determined using astronomical instruments such as a sextant or gnomon (direct measurement), you can also use GPS or GLONASS systems (indirect measurement). Longitude is the angle λ between the plane of the meridian passing through a given point and the plane of the initial prime meridian, from whose longitude is measured. Longitudes from 0° to 180° east of the prime meridian are called eastern, and to the west - western. Eastern longitudes are considered to be positive, western longitudes are considered negative.

The choice of the prime meridian is arbitrary and depends only on agreement. Now the Greenwich meridian, passing through the observatory in Greenwich, in south-east London, is taken as the prime meridian. Previously, the meridians of the observatories of Paris, Cadiz, Pulkovo, etc. were chosen as the zero meridians. Local time depends on longitude. To completely determine the position of a point in three-dimensional space, a third coordinate is needed - height. The distance to the center of the planet is not used in geography: it is convenient only when describing very deep regions of the planet or, on the contrary, when calculating orbits in space.

Within the geographic envelope, the “height above sea level” is usually used, measured from the level of the “smoothed” surface - the geoid. Such a three-coordinate system turns out to be orthogonal, which simplifies a number of calculations. Altitude above sea level is also convenient because it is related to atmospheric pressure. Distance from the earth's surface (upward or deep) is often used to describe a place, but does not serve as a coordinate. In navigation, the center of mass of the vehicle (V) is selected as the origin of the coordinate system. The transition of the origin of coordinates from the inertial coordinate system to the geographic one (i.e. from O_i to O_g) is carried out based on the values of latitude and longitude. The coordinates of the center of the geographic coordinate system O_g in the inertial one take on the following values (when calculated using a spherical model of the Earth):

X_(og)=(R+h) cos(\varphi) cos(Ut+\lambda) Y_(og)=(R+h) cos(\varphi) sin(Ut+\lambda) Z_(og)=(R+ h) sin(\varphi) where R is the radius of the earth, U is the angular velocity of the earth's rotation, h is the height above sea level. The orientation of the axes in the geographic coordinate system (GCS) is selected according to an algorithm.

The X axis (another designation is the E axis) is the axis directed to the east. The Y axis (another designation is the N axis) is the axis directed to the north. The Z axis (another designation is the Up axis) is an axis directed vertically upward. The orientation of the XYZ trihedron, due to the rotation of the earth and the movement of the vehicle, is constantly shifting with angular velocities.

\omega_E=-V_N/R \omega_N=V_E/R+U cos(\varphi) \omega_(Up)=\frac(V_E)(R)tg(\varphi)+U sin(\varphi) The main disadvantage in practical The application of the GSK in navigation is the large angular velocity of this system at high latitudes, increasing to infinity at the pole. Therefore, instead of the GSK, a semi-free in azimuth CS is used. A half-free in azimuth CS differs from a GSK only in one equation, which has the form:

\omega_(Up)=Usin(\varphi) Accordingly, the system has the same initial position, that the GCS and their orientation also coincide with the only difference that its axes X_w and Y_w are deviated from the corresponding axes of the GCS by an angle \varepsilon for which the equation is valid

d \varepsilon/dt=-\frac(V_E)(R)tg(\varphi) The conversion between the GSK and the semi-free CS in azimuth is carried out according to the formula

N=Y_w cos(\varepsilon)+X_w sin(\varepsilon) E=-Y_w sin(\varepsilon)+X_w cos(\varepsilon) In reality, all calculations are carried out in this system, and then, to produce output information, a transformation occurs coordinates in GSK. To record geographic coordinates, the WGS84 system is used.

Coordinates (latitude from -90° to +90°, longitude from -180° to +180°) can be written:

in ° degrees as a decimal (modern version) in ° degrees and "minutes with a decimal in ° degrees, "minutes and "seconds with a decimal (historical form of notation) The decimal separator is always a dot. Positive coordinate signs are represented by ( in most cases omitted) by the “+” sign, or by the letters: “N” - northern latitude and “E” - eastern longitude. Negative coordinate signs are represented either by the “-” sign, or by the letters: “S” - southern latitude and “W” - western longitude. Letters can appear either in front or behind.

There are no uniform rules for recording coordinates.

At the same time, the original method of recording with degrees, minutes and seconds is often used. Currently, coordinates can be written in one of many ways or duplicated in two main ways (with degrees and with degrees, minutes and seconds). As an example, options for recording the coordinates of the sign “Zero kilometer of highways of the Russian Federation” are 55°45′21″ N. w. 37°37′04″ E. d. (G) (O) (I):

55.755831°, 37.617673° -- degrees N55.755831°, E37.617673° -- degrees (+ additional letters) 55°45.35"N, 37°37.06"E -- degrees and minutes (+ additional letters) 55° 45"20.9916"N, 37°37"3.6228"E -- degrees, minutes and seconds (+ additional letters) If necessary, the formats can be recalculated independently: 1° = 60" minutes, 1" minute = 60" seconds. You can also use specialized services.

Determination of coordinates. Search by GPS coordinates on a map online. Get coordinates What are n and e in coordinates

Longitude

Height

Geographic coordinate system

Semi-free in azimuth coordinate system

Latitude difference and longitude difference

Find the coordinates of a point on the map. Determine location

Longitude

Height

Geographic coordinate system

Semi-free in azimuth coordinate system

Geographic coordinate recording formats

Links

see also

Notes

See what “Geographic coordinates” are in other dictionaries: