Health information resources. Medical resources on the Internet Medical information resources on the Internet
The Internet contains information on all branches of knowledge, including medicine, and there is medical information intended both for specialists at various levels, as well as for patients and people interested in health problems.
Its search can be carried out very effectively using the universal tools described above. However, there are special medical systems. For example: Medscape (www.medscape.com), BioMedNet (www.biomednet.comhttp://www.bmn.com), Medbot (http://medworld.stanford.edu/medbot/), MedClub (http:// www.medclub.ru).
Special databases can be very useful. They can be reference, bibliographic, abstract and factual. Reference databases are designed to search for reference information about a particular object. Bibliographic – contains a bibliographic description of scientific publications on issues of interest. In abstract databases, bibliographic descriptions are supplemented by abstracts that briefly reflect the contents of publications. Factual – contain general information about the characteristics and properties of the objects being studied.
There are several hundred databases on medical topics. The most famous is the medical bibliographic search system Medline.ru (www.medline.ru), containing more than 7 million references from more than 3.5 thousand medical journals.
In recent years, an increasing number of full-text medical databases containing the full text of original publications have appeared.
We should not forget about the possibility of obtaining valuable information from the websites of various medical and medical educational institutions (Kuban State Medical Academy (www.ksma.ru), Moscow Medical Academy named after I.M. Sechenov (www.mma.ru), Stavropol State Medical Academy (www.STGMA.ru), medical journals.
More on the topic Internet Medical Resources:
- Basic understanding of specialized medical applications
- TASK 4 Check out the website of the Stavropol State Medical Academy.
- LESSON No. 8 Telemedicine: current state and development prospects
- LESSON No. 9 Medical informatics and automated healthcare management systems – final lesson
The Internet is a worldwide IP, i.e. a set of different networks built on the basis of a protocol TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet P-Protocol), those. network transmission control protocol, which is a standard for building global networks.
The following types of information and communications are available through the global Internet:
· The World Wide Web ( World Wide Web - www) - a large IP containing text, graphic, sound and video files;
· electronic bulletin boards ( Bulletin Board System (BBS) - places where information is stored in electronic form with free access for subscribers to system archives;
· wide-profile information system - a database system open to public access;
· remote terminal access to computers ( Telnet - terminal emulation protocol) is a basic network service that allows an Internet subscriber to remotely connect to and work with other remote stations from his computer as if it were their remote terminal;
· file archives/TP servers ( File Transform Protocol (FTP) - file transfer protocol - the TCP/IP protocol used to access other computers on the network in order to obtain directory listings and copies of files, as well as to transfer files;
· Email ( e-mail) - one of the most common Internet services that allows you to send correspondence prepared by the user at the workplace to an email address (or a number of addresses at the same time) and view received messages on your computer;
· teleconferences ( Netnews, Usenet, Newsgroups) - discussion of common problems by a number of participants;
· Skype - a global personal communication system that allows organizing audiovisual contact between participants; connects not only computer-to-computer, but also computer-to-phone;
· Internet Relay Chat (IRC) - conversations via the Internet in text form in real time;
· The Internet is, in fact, a set of sites that store a variety of information: texts, images, sound and video recordings - any data that can be stored in digital form.
Internet access is provided through powerful computers - network servers.
Website is a set of web pages with a repeating design, combined in a navigational sense and physically located on one web- server.
Web-pages contain so-called “live” links, when you point to them you can go to the desired page. Such links are called hypertext links. Web a page is an independent part of a website, a document equipped with a unique address. Typically half a page is organized as hypertext, incorporating text, graphics, sound, video, or animation.
Web server is a specialized computer that provides storage and access from an external network to data organized in the form Web pages.
On the Internet, viewing web pages is carried out through a browser - a client program that provides the user with navigation and viewing capabilities. web- resources, downloading files, etc. The most widely used browsers Microsoft Internet Explorer And Netscape Navigator.
A portal (information portal) is a system designed to provide a unified integrated environment for working with corporate Internet information resources. The portal combines, according to the content principle, geographically distributed databases, applications, documents, information from the Internet using built-in sets of interfaces, providing users with access to all information resources through a standard web- browser. The corporate information portal is an integrated environment for a limited number of people.
The advisory aspect of using the Internet in medicine includes various approaches. In Russia, one of them is the teleconsultation forum on orthopedics and traumatology at the Ural Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics named after. V.D. Chaklin, which is a dynamic web application that allows you to send (post) a short depersonalized description of a clinical case in any form with the attachment of graphic materials (radiographs, clinical photographs, etc.) to receive recommendations of a therapeutic and diagnostic nature. In addition, the forum has implemented a special environment for assessing outcomes in patients with hip pathology (according to standards - based on the Harris scale, a system for assessing the quality of life SF- 36, etc.). Another option for remote consulting via the Internet is a professional mailing list implemented in the Penza region CCM-L (Critical Care Medicine List), with more than 1,500 members - specialists in the field of critical care.
The Cardinet information and advisory system, based on the Internet clinic, is used at the Saratov Research Institute of Cardiology. It allows you to integrate diagnostic equipment from a number of institutions (hospitals, clinics, dispensaries, sanatoriums) and makes it possible to accumulate and transmit the results of diagnostic studies in real time via regular telephone communication channels.
The interaction of patients with their physicians via e-mail is actively developing in the United States. The patient has the opportunity to regularly inform the doctor about his health and make an appointment with him. The physician may provide the patient with a notice of appointment and his or her recommendations. This information is part of the medical record - doctors are required to include electronic correspondence with patients in the medical record.
On the basis of the blood service server in Yekaterinburg, along with an electronic bulletin board, public consultations of the chief transfusiologist on issues related to blood donation and transfusion were organized.
There are many medical information databases available on the Internet. This ensures the ability to quickly access electronic databases. It is especially important to obtain emergency information for doctors in emergency situations. Automated toxicology reference systems available on the Internet allow clinicians to quickly obtain information about the effects of acute and chronic exposure to a variety of chemicals and compounds in humans.
The Russian reference system “Ecotoxin” contains information about the effects of heavy metals on the child’s body, including in small doses: clinical manifestations, routes of entry and elimination, methods of determination, recommended therapeutic measures, etc. American system for monitoring the health of workers ( Drake Clinical Worker's Health) includes a series of screening systems for diagnosing ecotoxins and methods for organizing special assistance to the population. English National Register of Toxic Compounds ( Registry of Human Toxicology Data Bank) used to ensure the safety of people, primarily groups at risk of occupational hazards. An approach that combines remote consulting with prompt retrieval of information from specialized databases can be especially useful in situations caused by man-made disasters in chemical production.
In the countries of the European Union, there are a large number of ongoing and developing projects to create multimedia databases of specific cases and medical knowledge bases (electronic libraries and atlases). This direction is also developing in Russia.
By connecting to the Internet, the doctor can receive:
· information from the Cochrane Library on controlled clinical trials, which provide a normative approach to the comparative assessment of results obtained;
· information on the treatment of diseases;
· data on medicines.
Medicine Without Borders company ( Unbound Medicine) together with the editors of the British Medical Journal ( British Medical Journal) launched the project COGNIQ, which allows owners of pocket personal computers to receive from the magazine Clinical Evidence copies of articles in the field of treatment based on the principles of evidence-based medicine.
Since 2000, the World Health Organization has been creating a unified network of scientific medical resources based on the Internet. This will help researchers from developing countries use the latest medical information in their work and share experiences. The project includes the creation of websites and electronic versions of leading scientific journals, the organization of databases and Internet forums that will help unite physicians around the world.
Control questions
1) Define telemedicine.
2) Name the stages of development of telemedicine.
3) How is telemedicine fundamentally different from the previously existing remote consultation?
4) What is included in the concept of telemedicine and Internet services?
5) What is a virtual hospital?
6) Describe the most common areas in telemedicine.
7) What does the concept of “teleradiology” mean?
8) What is in-hospital telemedicine?
9) What are the directions and principles of home telemedicine?
10) What is meant by the term “teleeducation”?
11) What is the Internet?
12) What benefits does using the Internet provide to a doctor?
Use of Internet resources by pharmacy and medical specialists
Miroslava Zakotey, “Provisor”
Free and fast access to almost any information, ease of use are the undeniable advantages of the Internet, attracting an increasing number of people. According to Etforecast forecasts, by 2005 the number of Internet users will reach 1 billion people. The growth rate of the Internet is impressive. For example, in 2000, the share of Europeans who regularly use the Internet almost doubled and now accounts for about 30% of the continent's total population, or almost 116 million people. The leaders in the number of users are Germany and the UK; in each of these countries, over 22 million people have access to the Network. Although not all countries have the same Internetization. Number of Internet users in France 6.2 million people. (as of March 2000), in Russia about 2 million people. (as of Q2 2000). In Ukraine, according to the State Committee for Communications and Informatization, at the end of 2000, about 300 thousand people were regular Internet users. Including those who access the Internet only occasionally, the Internet audience of our country reaches 450 thousand people. .
The Internet is turning into a multifunctional tool for communication, receiving and transmitting information, an integral part of business. The medical and pharmaceutical industry is no exception. The medical Internet is developing rapidly. An increase in the quantity and improvement in the quality of resources in this segment of the Network is attracting an increasing number of doctors and pharmacists who feel the need to receive specialized professional information. In Russia, about 1% of medical workers access Internet resources (www.medlinks.ru), according to other data, 5-8% (of which 20% are regular users) (www.comcon-2.com). It is of interest to determine the demand for Internet information resources by pharmacy and medicine specialists in Ukraine.
In order to identify the availability of the Internet for doctors and pharmacists, and the use of Internet resources to obtain professional information, in November 2000, “Pharvisor” conducted a survey among pharmacists and physicians who visited the exhibition “Healthcare-2000” (Kyiv). A total of 951 specialists took part in the survey. Of these, 74 were employees of pharmacies, 56 were wholesalers, 28 were manufacturing enterprises, 13 were representatives of foreign companies, 562 were employees of medical institutions, 189 people indicated another place of work (about 50% of them were students of medical and pharmaceutical faculties). The majority of respondents (76%) were aged 20-40 years, 13% were over 40 years old, the remaining respondents were under 20 years old.
As a result of the survey, it was found out what concepts the Internet is associated with among specialists. More than half of doctors and pharmacists view the Internet primarily as a source of information. The concepts of “Internet” and “work” are inextricably linked in the minds of a third of specialists. Ease of use and the ability to receive news information via the Internet attracts a quarter of respondents. “The Internet is a necessity” – about 20% of specialists think so. Every sixth user has found the Internet a means of communication, every tenth has found pleasure and entertainment.
To the question “Do you have access to the Internet?” Approximately half of the respondents responded positively: 44.8% of physicians and 55.2% of pharmacists (Fig. 1).
Pharmaceutical industry specialists have more opportunities to work on the Internet compared to those working in medical institutions. This trend is due to a higher level of computerization, and, accordingly, the use of new information technologies by pharmaceutical enterprises and organizations. The need to work on the Internet is stimulated by large volumes of collecting and processing information, marketing research of the pharmaceutical market, on which the success of doing business depends.
The low level of budget funding and the lack of self-sufficiency of state and municipal medical institutions do not allow the purchase of modern computer equipment. Private structures that use modern information technologies to provide proper medical care to the population - diagnostics, treatment, and specialists gaining access to modern sources of information - are in a more advantageous position.
Unlike Ukraine, in developed countries there is practically no medical institution that does not have access to the Internet and its own website, which serves as a means of communication between the clinic and potential and existing patients. Thanks to the Internet, specialists gain access to the most advanced information about treatment and diagnostic methods, can participate in teleconferences in any country, and study remotely at foreign medical universities without interrupting work and significant financial costs associated with travel.
The high assessment of the potential capabilities of the Internet by pharmacists and physicians is evidenced by the desire of 36% of specialists to gain access to the Internet in the near future. Only a fifth of respondents do not plan to join global information resources.
But having access to the Internet does not mean regularly working on the Internet. This opportunity is actively used by only about 16.3% of specialists (7.7% of doctors and 8.6% of pharmacists). Twenty-three percent access the Internet once a week. 20% were groups of specialists who work on the Internet once a month and less than once a month (the majority of users in these groups believe that they do not have access to the Internet).
The survey result - active use of the Internet by specialists - is due to the qualitative composition of the sample. For the most part, these are people with higher education, students of medical and pharmaceutical universities, seeking to expand their professional horizons, and employees of commercial structures. Considering the predominance of Kiev residents in our sample, the results of the study may be somewhat overestimated. Some potential respondents, feeling incompetent in Internet issues, did not take part in the survey. This is due to the fact that the opportunity to use modern information technologies, including the Internet, in our country is mainly available to residents of large cities. And even then, the availability of information is largely determined by the place of work. The majority of pharmacists and doctors (about 70%) have access to the Internet mainly at work. Only 20% are at home. You can also use Internet resources through Internet cafes, clubs or friends.
Despite fierce competition among providers - 270 companies offer global network access services in Ukraine - for many, the Internet remains a rather expensive pleasure. Among the most acceptable conditions for connecting to the Network were time-based payment, then payment depending on the volume of information received and a fixed subscription fee.
The large number of Internet users participating in the survey (454 people) made it possible to identify the information needs of pharmacy and medical specialists. The type of information that doctors and pharmacists spend the most time searching on the Internet is presented in Figure 2.
Both doctors and pharmacists devote the most time to searching for professional information (73% of respondents); legal aspects of regulating the industry are of interest to 8% of respondents. The speed of receiving news via the Internet attracts 17.5% of respondents. Commercial information (search for drug offers) is needed by about 10% of specialists. Scientific, educational and cognitive information and computer technologies are also in demand.
It is advisable to consider the survey results separately by groups of respondents.
About 80% of medical workers pay attention to searching for medical and pharmaceutical information, about 10% are interested in news. Basically, doctors receive the necessary information through Internet sites, virtual conferences, and e-mail.
70% of pharmacists spend the most time searching for medical and pharmaceutical information. They are the main users of legislative and commercial information. Pharmacists give commercial information second place in importance, since it is necessary for doing business and is constantly changing. Efficiency and ease of use make the Internet one of the priority sources for obtaining such information. Pharmacists also have to constantly monitor changes in the regulatory framework, since the success of their activities depends on this.
We have determined what kind of useful information specialists are looking for using search engines and medical servers (Fig. 3). The respondents' answers were distributed as follows:
- medical and pharmacy news 41%
- scientific information 27%
- periodical websites 17%
- product advertising 10%
- commercial offers 8%.
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| Rice. 3. Demand for information from medical servers and search engines by doctors and pharmacists |
Specialists are attracted to pharmaceutical and medical news. This information is necessary for 30-40% of users, and it is this information that ensures the popularity of sites.
Scientific information is of interest to about a third of doctors, employees of manufacturing enterprises, and representative offices of foreign companies. These Internet resources are less popular among employees of pharmacies and wholesale companies (8% and 16%, respectively).
About 20% of specialists access online versions of periodicals.
Commercial offers are of interest mainly to workers in the pharmaceutical industry (12% of pharmacy workers, 42% of wholesalers, 28% of manufacturers and 23% of representative offices of foreign companies). Doctors are practically not interested in this information.
The share of employees of wholesale companies and representative offices of foreign companies interested in advertising products is about 20%. Doctors and pharmacy workers spend almost no time searching for product advertisements (9% of positive answers).
The most popular Russian- and Ukrainian-language Internet resources for pharmacy and medicine specialists are medical servers:
Internet versions of periodicals
publishing house "Mediasfera"
Both doctors and pharmacists often turn to popular medical resources
resources about health of the Ukrainian portal
news information
The Internet significantly helps in finding scientific information, which is mainly presented in English. However, searching the Internet for Ukrainian doctors and pharmacists is complicated by the need for a sufficiently deep knowledge of the English language. The number of links to foreign sites is insignificant. Among the most visited foreign information sites, experts noted the following:
Among the sites containing commercial and legislative information, the following are noted: the information business portal (http://www.liga.kiev.ua), the site of the All-Ukrainian Pharmaceutical Information Center (http://www.pharm-info.com), etc.
Websites of medical and pharmaceutical companies attract specialists by the presence of:
- information about the company's products 48%
- information about services 17%
- opportunities to order goods 13%
On the websites of medical and pharmaceutical companies, specialists most often look for information about the company’s products (Fig. 4). Corporate websites greatly facilitate and simplify the ordering of goods (using this opportunity attracts 25% of pharmacy workers, 21% of employees of wholesale companies and 10% of industrial enterprise workers to company websites). The percentage of doctors is quite high: 7%.
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| Rice. 4. Frequency of medical and pharmacist access to information resources on corporate websites |
Information about the services of medical and pharmaceutical companies is of interest primarily to employees of foreign companies 60%, wholesale companies 20% and employees of medical institutions 17%. This information is less interesting for other specialists.
The attention of doctors and pharmacists is attracted by the corporate websites of pharmaceutical companies (Pfizer, Pharmaco, Igar, Pharma Plus, Darnitsa, Dnepropharm, Vitamax, etc.). On the Internet, experts search for data on new software products and equipment for commercial enterprises and medical institutions (http://www.siet.kiev.ua, http://www.medicom.ru).
New information technologies, unlike traditional ones, involve the provision of not only information, but also means of access to it (search tools, processing, presentation, etc.). The table shows the most commonly used Internet search servers. When searching for information, experts give preference to Russian-language search engines.
The most visited Internet search engines by pharmacy and medical specialists
(search engines named by two or more respondents)
| Rambler | http://www.rambler.ru |
| Yandex | http://www.yandex.ru |
| List.ru | http://www.list.ru |
| Yahoo! | http://www.yahoo.com |
| Medscape | http://www.medscape.com |
| Alta Vista | http://www.altavista.com |
| Farma.com | http://www.farma.com |
To study the correspondence of information provided by the Internet to the needs of specialists, the question was asked: “What information necessary for work would you like, but cannot find on the Internet?” As a result of the analysis of the responses, several groups of problems were identified.
Every fourth specialist searches the Internet for scientific information, among which it is very difficult to find news about progressive developments, abstracts of articles, their full-text versions, translations of articles by foreign authors. In addition to issues of everyday practice that interest individual specialists, doctors are dissatisfied with the quality of information needed by a wider range of doctors - family medicine practice, medical history, practical experience of domestic specialists, new methods of treating diseases, detailed information for specialists about medications. On the websites of periodicals, specialists do not always find archives of publications; clinical journals are rarely updated. There is a lack of Ukrainian medical journals, translations of foreign publications, full texts of articles, and free periodicals.
Unlike most countries with developed economies, in Ukraine information that facilitates the search for a strategic partner is closed to participants in the pharmaceutical market. Unfortunately, it is not available on the Internet either. Representatives of pharmaceutical companies would like to find more data on new technologies and information about manufacturers of equipment for the medical industry on the Internet. There is also insufficient information about new medical equipment and domestic manufacturers of equipment for hospitals.
Experts would like to see online catalogs containing the addresses and telephone numbers of medical and pharmaceutical organizations and institutions, the Vidal directory.
Information on registration of medicinal products in Ukraine is not available. It is not yet available either in print or on the Internet, which makes the work of specialists difficult. At the same time, Russia has a regularly updated Internet version of the State Register of Medicines.
For their work, pharmacists need marketing and analytical information (including about the pricing policy of companies), prices for products that specialists cannot find on the Internet.
In the section of educational resources, Internet users would like to see more specialized educational literature, especially domestic authors, competitions for educational institutions, conditions for admission and professional selection.
Despite a sufficient number of recruitment agency websites and press containing vacancy announcements on the Internet, not all specialists can find a job that meets their needs.
Commercial projects are actively developing on the Internet, providing users with paid access to information resources. We tried to find out whether pharmacists and doctors have the opportunity to use paid information if it is necessary for their work (Fig. 5). Only a quarter of specialists answered affirmatively.
37% cannot afford the payment due to lack of funds. Significant obstacles to the use of paid Internet resources, according to experts, are the complexity of the payment mechanism and the possibility of obtaining similar information from other sources for free. Thus, paid information posted on the Internet remains virtually unclaimed by doctors and pharmacists.
As a result of the study, it was determined that in Ukraine about half of doctors and pharmacists, if necessary, have the opportunity to use Internet resources to search for professional information. Two thirds of them have access to the Internet through work. Despite the impressive availability of the Internet for healthcare professionals in Ukraine, only 7.7% of doctors and 8.7% of pharmacists regularly work on the Internet.
The specifics of professional activity determine the commonality and differences in the information needs of physicians and pharmacists. For both groups, medical and pharmaceutical information is the most relevant. Pharmacists ranked legislative and commercial information in second place in importance; employees of medical institutions ranked medical news.
Noteworthy is the dissatisfaction of specialists with the quality and quantity of medical and pharmaceutical information in Russian and Ukrainian posted on the Internet. For example, doctors would be interested in the experience of their Ukrainian colleagues, information about diagnostic centers in Ukraine, pharmacists need marketing information to do business, but information and analytical support for the industry is still being established. Paid information is not in demand by specialists. The main reason for the impossibility of using it, even if it is necessary for work, is the lack of funds.
Understanding of the benefits of the Network by doctors and pharmacists emphasizes the desire of 36% of specialists to join global information resources in the near future.
Thus, we can say with confidence that in Ukraine Internet resources are in demand by healthcare professionals, although they are used quite limitedly.
Literature
1. Ishmukhametov A., Gotovants S. Russian pharmaceuticals
in a computer network // Remedium.- 2000.- No. 9.- P. 3–8
2. News // Internet.ua.- 2001.- No. 1–2. - P.3–10
3. Gurevich D. Internet in the pharmaceutical business // Pharmaceutical Bulletin. - 2000. - No. 23. - P. 7
4. Sinitsyn V. E. Internet for doctors // Pharmaceutical Bulletin. - 2000. - No. 31. - P. 5
5. Kaminsky A. Telemedicine in medical practice // New medical technologies. - 2001. - No. 2. - P. 9–11
6. Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine dated January 11, 2001 No. 6 // Pharmacist.-2001.- No. 3 (Legal aspects of pharmacy).- P. 13–14
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In modern conditions of functioning of the healthcare system, against the backdrop of a continuing shortage of financial and material resources, there has been a significant increase in information resources.
According to the Novgorod Medical Information and Analytical Center, the number of paper-based medical information in the region’s healthcare has been increasing in arithmetic progression over the past 10 years, by approximately 10% each year. The volume of information resources in electronic form over the same period increased more than 3 times.
Information resources in healthcare are paper, electronic or other media of information about public health and the activities of healthcare organizations contained in libraries, archives, funds, files, databases and other information sources.
Information resources have some special characteristics that distinguish them from traditional concepts of economic resources. Unlike other resources, they are reproduced rather than used, and at the same time tend to spread with the limitations imposed only by time and human capabilities. Information resources received and spent through information flows primarily play the role of a means, a carrier of medical information.
Specific differences in the use of information resources in healthcare:
. large amount of data;
. repeated repetition of data acquisition cycles and the need to convert them into established time periods;
. variety of sources of information;
. a large number of logical operations when processing data.
In general, information resources in healthcare can be classified as follows:
. by sources of receipt: accounting and statistical forms, specially designed questionnaires, computer databases, printed sources, Internet resources, etc.;
. by type of ownership: state, municipal, private;
. by access category: open (public), with limited access;
According to the form of provision: paper media, micromedia (microfilms), electronic media (audio, video recording, floppy disk, HDD “hard” disk, optical disk, etc.);
. by type of information: medical, economic, statistical, regulatory, reference, educational, research;
. by user type: individual, corporate;
. by structure: factual, full-text, bibliographic, hypertext.
Information resources in healthcare can be presented in the form of the following information blocks.
Population health information resources:
— information resources of medical and demographic processes:
— information resources of morbidity;
— disability information resources;
— physical health information resources;
— information resources of social conditioning of health.
Information resources of medical and economic activities of healthcare organizations:
— information resources of the APU;
— information resources of hospital institutions;
— information resources of specialized institutions;
— information resources of pharmacy organizations;
— TFOMS information resources;
— SMO information resources.
Indicators characterizing the volume of information resources include:
. number of accounting (reporting) statistical forms (pcs.);
. number of databases (pcs.);
. database volume (bytes, KB, MB, GB, TB, PB).
The unit of measurement for the volume of information on electronic media is the byte. The derived units are as follows:
. bit - the minimum unit of binary information volume (0; 1);
. 1 byte = 8 bits.
. 1 kilobyte = 1024 bytes (I KB);
. 1 megabyte = 1024 kilobytes (1 MB);
. 1 gigabyte = 1024 megabytes (1 GB);
. 1 terabyte = 1024 gigabytes (1 TB);
. 1 petabyte = 1024 terabytes (1 PB),
The unit of measurement for information on paper is 1 copy, 1 name, 1 storage unit, etc.
Indicators characterizing the efficiency of using information resources include:
. coefficient of use of accounting statistical forms;
. utilization rate of statistical reporting forms;
. coefficient of timeliness of information use.
To assess the use of information resources on the Internet [for example, Gut Internet portals (https://wvvw.google.com). Yandex (https://www.yandex.ru), Rambler (https://www.rambler.ru)] the following absolute values are used:
. average web page size;
. average number of web pages on one server;
. average volume of one server (MB);
. number of registered users of information resources;
. number of requests (accesses) to the information resource;
. number of visits to the website;
. number of documents viewed or downloaded.
An example of the use of information resources in healthcare is the information system for monitoring the health of the population and the activities of the healthcare system in the Novgorod region. The total volume of information in the databases of this information system amounts to tens of gigabytes, the number of paper accounting and reporting statistical forms is more than 400, the number of indicators calculated on their basis is more than 500. The main blocks of the information system for monitoring health, habitat and health care activities of the Novgorod region are presented on rice. 21.1.
Rice. 21.1. Block diagram of monitoring public health and healthcare activities (using the example of the Novgorod region)
Currently, information resources in healthcare are becoming a commodity that is in high demand in the market for medical goods and services.
The list of information resources and the procedure for their use as a separate medical service (hereinafter referred to as services) are determined by territorial health authorities. Tariffs for services are calculated on the basis of the standard costs of institutions and their structural divisions, and in their absence - on the basis of actual costs, taking into account the technology for performing the service.
To calculate tariffs for information resources, direct and overhead costs are taken into account. Direct costs include expenses directly related to the provision of the service:
. remuneration of key personnel;
. accruals for salaries of key personnel;
. material costs consumed in the process of providing the service in full.
Overhead costs include all types of expenses of healthcare organizations that are not directly related to the provision of services (in this case, remuneration of programmers, database administrators, purchase of licensed software, computer and office equipment, consumables, etc.), including deductions for wages. In general, the formula for calculating the tariff for an information service can be presented as follows:
T = Zt + H3 + M + N,
Where T is the tariff for the information service;
Zt - standard costs for remuneration of key personnel;
N3 - accruals for wages of key personnel;
M - technologically justified costs for software, computer equipment, consumables used in the provision of services;
N - overhead costs.
Direct and overhead costs, the calculation of which is difficult due to an insufficiently developed regulatory framework for their consumption and operational accounting, are charged to cost indirectly, i.e. through calculated coefficients.
O.P. Shchepin, V.A. Medic
